In This Book____________________________
Film Theory in Media History
Film Theory in Media History explores the epistemological and theoretical
foundations of the study of film through texts by classical authors as well as
anthologies and monographs on key issues and developments in film theory.
Adopting a historical perspective, but with a firm eye to the further development
of the field, the series provides a platform for ground-breaking new research into
film theory and media history and features high-profile editorial projects that
offer resources for teaching and scholarship. Combining the book form with
open access online publishing the series reaches the broadest possible audience
of scholars, students, and other readers with a passion for film and theory.
Series editors________________
Prof. Dr. Vinzenz Hediger, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Weihong Bao, University of California, Berkeley, United States
Dr. Trond Lundemo, Stockholm University, Sweden
Editorial Board Members
Dudley Andrew, Yale University, United States
Raymond Bellour, CNRS Paris, France
Chris Berry, Goldsmiths, University of London, United Kingdom
Francesco Casetti, Yale University, United States
Thomas Elsaesser, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Jane Gaines, Columbia University, United States
Andre Gaudreault, University of Montreal, Canada
Gertrud Koch, Free University of Berlin, Germany
John MacKay, Yale University, United States
Markus Nornes, University of Michigan, United States
Patricia Pisters, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Leonardo Quaresima, University of Udine, Italy
David Rodowick, University of Chicago, United States
Philip Rosen, Brown University, United States
Petr Szczepanik, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
Brian Winston, Lincoln University, United Kingdom
Film Theory in Media History is published in cooperation with the Permanent
Seminar for the History of Film Theories.
Establishing a Discipline, Cultivating a Field: Roger Odin and
Film Studies in France
Born in 1939, Roger Odin belongs to the generation of film scholars who
grew up in and were formed by the culture and atmosphere of post-war
cinephilia.15 A linguist by training, a film club activist and a consummate
amateur filmmaker, Odin became the first film scholar to ascend to a full
professorship in cinema studies in a French university when he moved to
Paris 3-Sorbonne Nouvelle from Saint-Étienne in 1983.
Film scholars had, of course, worked in French research institutions
before. Christian Metz held a position in the École des Hautes Études en
Sciences Sociales, a research institution in Paris which includes disciplines
ranging from history to anthropology and economics, and which has also
been the home of scholars such as Claude Lévi-Strauss, Pierre Nora, Jacques
Derrida or, more recently, Thomas Piketty.
Raymond Bellour had joined
the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, another non-university
“grand établissement,” at the invitation of Edgar Morin in 1964. Marie-Claire
Ropars-Wuilleumier created a department of cinema from within French
literature at the experimental university of Paris-Vincennes in the early
1970s, an important step towards film studies as a discipline. In Spaces of
Communication, Roger Odin pays tribute to her work with a subchapter
dedicated to a re-reading of Ropars-Wuilleumier’s pioneering publications
of that time. Furthermore, historians like Pierre Sorlin, Michèle Lagny or
Marc Ferro focused their research on cinema from their respective positions
in sociology and history departments.
But the department of cinema and audiovisual media at Paris-3 was to
become the first proper film studies department in a French university. Odin
moved quickly to expand the department with chairs in film aesthetics for
former Cahiers critic Jacques Aumont and in film history for Michel Marie,
who had written his dissertation under Ropars-Wuilleumier’s and Metz’s
supervision and joined Paris-3 as a maître de conference (assistant professor)
for cinema in 1974. Together with Aumont and Marie, Odin continued
to expand the scope and size of the department during his twenty-year
15 Antoine de Baecque, La cinéphilie. Invention d’un regard, histoire d’une culture, 1944-1968
(Paris: Pluriel, 2013).
tenure as its director, to the point where the department is now the largest
of its kind in the world in terms of full professor positions, including one
exclusively dedicated to the study of the economics of cinema currently
held by Laurent Creton.
Odin was also instrumental in the creation of a doctorate in film stud-
ies at the national level. Decisions concerning the shape and structure of
academic disciplines in France are in the hands of the national ministry
of tertiary education and research rather than in the hands of individual
universities. The doctorate as granted by the ministry is the birth certificate
of a discipline. Roger Odin led a committee which developed a curriculum
in cinema studies comprised of optional courses in secondary education, as
well as undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees at the tertiary level.
Following the committee’s
recommendation, the ministry created film
studies doctorate in the early 1990s.16 This emancipated cinema studies
from the neighbouring disciplines of literature, art history and history
and secured its place among established subjects for tertiary education
and research. It granted a license to universities across France to institute
doctoral programs and departments in cinema studies. In quick succession,
with Lyon-2, Rennes, Bordeaux and Montpellier among others emerging as
new centers of film studies from the 1990s onwards.
Throughout his tenure at Paris-3 and beyond, Roger Odin has always
insisted that he considered cinema studies to be a field rather than a dis-
cipline. This is an important distinction both in the light of the history of
cinema studies in France and with a view to its development in a broader
perspective. It is also a distinction which helps us understand how Odin’s
work as a theorist intersects with his work as an institution builder.
One of the countries that lay claim to the invention of cinema, France
has always had a uniquely vibrant film culture. It was built and fostered by
institutions such as the ciné-club movement, which started in the 1920s and
in which Roger Odin actively participated as a programmer and presenter
during his years in Saint-Étienne. It was also built around institutions like
the Cinémathèque française, which Henri Langlois established in the early
1930s just as film archives sprung up around the world as salvage institutions
for film history in the wake of the
introduction of sound. French film culture
was further sustained by a film criticism striving to elevate film to equality
with the other arts, an effort best exemplified by the work of André Bazin
16 Roger Odin, “Zur Etablierung der Filmbildung in Frankreich – Ein Erfahrungsbericht,” in:
Malte Hagener, Vinzenz Hediger (eds.) Medienkultur und Bildung. Ästhetische Erziehung im
Zeitalter digitaler Netzwerke (Frankfurt: Campus 2015), pp. 295–312.
A Democrac y of Readings and Objects 19
and the Cahiers du cinéma in the 1950s. Since the 1920s, the operative concept
which brought all facets of French cinema culture together had been the
notion of the director as auteur. First introduced to distinguish French
films from the American competition in the 1920s, it became a selection
criterion that served to distinguish art from mere merchandise and build
canons of significant works in a global perspective from the 1930s onwards.
However, the first attempt to establish film studies in France had little
to do with cinephilia or auteurism. The Filmology movement of the 1940s
and 1950s was organized by producer/philosopher Gilbert Cohen-Séat at
the Sorbonne, with help from Étienne Souriau, an eminent philosopher
and France’s foremost aesthetic theorist at the time, and Henri Wallon,
a
leading developmental psychologist who first described the mirror stage,
which later made the fame of Jacques Lacan.17 As a top-down effort to study
and control the social effects of cinema in the wake of the Second World
War, Filmology initially met with scorn from cinephiles. A young Jean-Luc
Godard signed up to quell the concerns of his Swiss bourgeois parents
about his lack of interest in academic study, but he appears to never have
attended classes. In 1951, André Bazin published a fierce polemic against
the “filmologues” and their ignorance of cinema in the Cahiers under the
pseudonym of Florent Kirsch (combining the first name of his son and the
maiden name of his wife).18 The controversy petered out towards the end
of the 1950s, when Filmology shifted its focus to television and eventually
morphed into mass communication effects research in France and Italy.
When film studies finally found its place in the French university system
in the 1980s the cinephile canon constituted the core of the curriculum.
Universities are conservative institutions. Once a plausible claim could
be made that cinema had produced a body of work equivalent to that of
national literatures – a claim which the Cahiers critics had established and
which Stanley Cavell strategically repeated in 1971, when he wrote in the
Introduction to The World Viewed that classical Hollywood cinema had
brought forth more masterpieces than the Elizabethan period in literature19
– chances improved for cinema studies’ acceptance as a discipline. Absent
17 Edmund Lowry, The Filmology Movement and Film Studies in France (Ann Arbor: UMI Press
1985); François Albéra, Martin Lefebvre (eds.) La filmologie, de nouveau, double issue of CINéMAS:
Revue d’études cinématographiques/Journal of Film Studies, 19/2-3 (spring 2009); Vinzenz Hediger,
Guido Kirsten (eds.) Filmologie (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, forthcoming).
18 Florent Kirsch [André Bazin], “Introduction à une filmologie de la filmologie,” in: Cahiers
du cinéma, 5 (1951), pp. 33–38.
19 Stanley Cavell, The World Viewed: Reflections on the Ontology of Film (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1971)
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