The Game of Logic by Lewis Carroll pdf book download

Book: The Game of Logic

Author: Lewis Carroll

Release Date: December, 2003

First Posted: March 13, 2002

Last Updated: May 10, 2004

Language: English.

(✍️ This article is collected from this book 📚 (All Credit To Go Real Hero The Author of this book 📖) 🙏 Please buy this book hardcopy from anyway.)

THE GAME OF LOGIC

 By Lewis Carrol_______

To my Child-friend.

I charm in vain; for never again,

All keenly as my glance I bend,

Will Memory, goddess coy,

Embody for my joy

Departed days, nor let me gaze

On thee, my fairy friend!

Yet could thy face, in mystic grace,

A moment smile on me, 'twould send

Far-darting rays of light

From Heaven athwart the night,

By which to read in very deed

Thy spirit, sweetest friend!

So may the stream of Life's long dream

Flow gently onward to its end,

With many a floweret gay,

Adown its willowy way:

May no sigh vex, no care perplex,

My loving little friend!

🧾Front Page Of This Book______________

There are three 'PROPOSITIONS' for you--the only three kinds we are going

to use in this Game: and the first thing to be done is to learn how to express them

on the Board.

Let us begin with

"Some new Cakes are nice."

But before doing so, a remark has to be made--one that is rather important,

and by no means easy to understand all in a moment: so please to read this

VERY carefully.

The world contains many THINGS (such as "Buns", "Babies", "Beetles".

"Battledores". &c.); and these Things possess many ATTRIBUTES (such as

"baked", "beautiful", "black", "broken", &c.: in fact, whatever can be "attributed

to", that is "said to belong to", any Thing, is an Attribute). Whenever we wish to

mention a Thing, we use a SUBSTANTIVE: when we wish to mention an

Attribute, we use an ADJECTIVE. People have asked the question "Can a Thing

exist without any Attributes belonging to it?" It is a very puzzling question, and

I'm not going to try to answer it: let us turn up our noses, and treat it with

contemptuous silence, as if it really wasn't worth noticing. But, if they put it the

other way, and ask "Can an Attribute exist without any Thing for it to belong

to?", we may say at once "No: no more than a Baby could go a railway-journey

with no one to take care of it!" You never saw "beautiful" floating about in the

air, or littered about on the floor, without any Thing to BE beautiful, now did

you?

And now what am I driving at, in all this long rigmarole? It is this. You may

put "is" or "are" between names of two THINGS (for example, "some Pigs are

fat Animals"), or between the names of two ATTRIBUTES (for example, "pink

is light-red"), and in each case it will make good sense. But, if you put "is" or

"are" between the name of a THING and the name of an ATTRIBUTE (for

example, "some Pigs are pink"), you do NOT make good sense (for how can a

Thing BE an Attribute?) unless you have an understanding with the person to

whom you are speaking. And the simplest understanding would, I think, be this--

that the Substantive shall be supposed to be repeated at the end of the sentence,

so that the sentence, if written out in full, would be "some Pigs are pink (Pigs)".

And now the word "are" makes quite good sense.

Thus, in order to make good sense of the Proposition "some new Cakes are

nice", we must suppose it to be written out in full, in the form "some new Cakes

are nice (Cakes)". Now this contains two 'TERMS'--"new Cakes" being one of

them, and "nice (Cakes)" the other. "New Cakes," being the one we are talking

about, is called the 'SUBJECT' of the Proposition, and "nice (Cakes)" the

'PREDICATE'. Also this Proposition is said to 

be a 'PARTICULAR' one, since it

does not speak of the WHOLE of its Subject, but only of a PART of it. The other

two kinds are said to be 'UNIVERSAL', because they speak of the WHOLE of

their Subjects--the one denying niceness, and the other asserting it, of the

WHOLE class of "new Cakes". Lastly, if you would like to have a definition of

the word 'PROPOSITION' itself, you may take this:--"a sentence stating that

some, or none, or all, of the Things belonging to a certain class, called its

'Subject', are also Things belonging to a certain other class, called its 'Predicate'".

You will find these seven 

words--PROPOSITION, ATTRIBUTE, TERM,

SUBJECT, PREDICATE, PARTICULAR, UNIVERSAL--charmingly useful, if

any friend should happen to ask if you have ever studied Logic. Mind you bring

all seven words into your answer, and you friend will go away deeply impressed-

-'a sadder and a wiser man'.

-Now please to look at the smaller Diagram on the Board, and suppose it to be

-a cupboard, intended for all the Cakes in the world (it would have to be a good

-large one, of course). And let us suppose all the new ones to be put into the

-upper half (marked 'x'), and all the rest (that is, the NOT-new ones) into the

-lower half (marked 'x''). Thus the lower half would contain ELDERLY Cakes,

-AGED Cakes, ANTE-DILUVIAN Cakes--if there are any: I haven't seen many,

-myself--and so on. Let us also suppose all the nice Cakes to be put into the left-

-hand half (marked 'y'), and all the rest (that is, the not-nice ones) into the right-

-hand half (marked 'y''). At present, then, we must understand x to mean "new", x'

-"not-new", y "nice", and y' "not-nice."

-And now what kind of Cakes would you expect to find in compartment No.

-5?

-It is part of the upper half, you see; so that, if it has any Cakes in it, they must

-be NEW: and it is part of the left-hand half; so that they must be NICE. Hence if

-there are any Cakes in this compartment, they must have the double

-'ATTRIBUTE' "new and nice": or, if we use letters, the must be "x y."

Observe that the letters x, y are written on two of the edges of this

compartment. This you will find a very convenient rule for knowing what

Attributes belong to the Things in any compartment. Take No. 7, for instance. If

there are any Cakes there, they must be "x' y", that is, they must be "not-new and

nice."

Now let us make another agreement--that a red counter in a compartment

shall mean that it is 'OCCUPIED', that is, that there are SOME Cakes in it. (The

word 'some,' in Logic, means 'one or more' so that a single Cake in a

compartment would be quite enough reason for saying "there are SOME Cakes

here"). Also let us agree that a grey counter in a compartment shall mean that it

is 'EMPTY', that is that there are NO Cakes in it. In the following Diagrams, I

shall put '1' (meaning 'one or more') where you are to put a RED counter, and '0'

(meaning 'none') where you are to put a GREY one.

As the Subject of our Proposition is to be "new Cakes", we are only

concerned, at present, with the UPPER half of the cupboard, where all the Cakes

have the attribute x, that is, "new."

Now, fixing our attention on this upper half, suppose we found it marked like

this,

that is, with a red counter in No. 5. What would this tell us, with regard to the

class of "new Cakes"?

Would it not tell us that there are SOME of them in the x y-compartment?

That is, that some of them (besides having the Attribute x, which belongs to both

compartments) have the Attribute y (that is, "nice"). This we might express by

saying "some x-Cakes are y-(Cakes)", or, putting words instead of letters,

"Some new Cakes are nice (Cakes)",